Compare And Contrast John Proctor In The Crucible

In The Crucible the characters all show different kind of growth throughout the story. The story is based of a town called Salem and when the Devil hit Salem all the people started to turn on each other. What started of as a little joke between girls turned into a whole game for them to play. The girls accused anyone they saw or anyone that did them wrong and each and every time those same people were hanged. Although, this play is mostly about the witchcraft the people also changed as time went by and they started to understand what was happening and why it was wrong. In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the ideals of reputation, status, and determination between the characters John Proctor, Deputy Danforth, and Reverend†¦show more content†¦Even if he knew what was true and what was false keeping his reputation in tact was more important. Contrasting from both of the first characters Reverend Hale was more of a guy who wanted to do right. He knew that his job was on the line but instead of worrying he tried to find justice for the people who were being hanged. His name wasn’t as important to him as getting justice was. In act four Hale finally starts to realize all what hes been doing wrong, and so was watching those innocent people getting blamed for something that wasn’t even real. When trying to give Elisabeth advice Hale says, â€Å"Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own. I came into this village like a bridegroom to his beloved, earring gifts of high religion; the very crowns of holy law I bro ught, and what I touched with my bright confidence, it died; and where I turned the eye of my great faith, blood flowed up. Beware, Goody Proctor- cleave to no faith when faith brings blood. It is mistaken law that leads you to sacrifice. LIfe, woman, life is God’s most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it. I beg you, woman, prevail upon your husband to confess. Let him give his lie. Quail not before God’s judgement in this, for it may well be God damns a liar less than he thatShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast John Proctor In The Crucible773 Words   |  4 Pages The Crucible by Arthur Miller, is a play written to mirror the anti-communist hysteria and how Joseph McCarthy went on â€Å"witch hunts†, which was basically finding an innocent person who was accused of being a witch and punishing them. Throughout The Crucible you will see very similar actions that mirror the McCarthy era; like how Abigail gets mad John Proct or does not want to be with her and spreads a rumor that his wife is a witch. â€Å"A tragic hero is the main character in a tragedy,† directly describesRead MoreCompare And Contrast John Proctor In The Crucible709 Words   |  3 Pagesare several different kinds of heroes represented in The Crucible. In Arthur Millers novel, the Crucible, the story takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692 during the Salem witch trials. During this time, several people, men and women alike, are falsely accused of being witches. John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth are both falsely accused of being witches, so both husband and wife need to fight for their lives. In the Crucible, John Proctor goes to great lengths to not only try to save ElizabethsRead MoreCompare And Contrast Abigail And John Proctor In The Crucible1049 Words   |  5 Pagestrials, 19 citizens, 14 women, 5 men, and even one dog were put to death. The play, The Crucible, was written by Arthur Miller in 1952. In this play t he characters have so many different characteristics from each other. Abigail is seen as a bad person while John Proctor is seen as the good and honest character; even though he made some bad decisions.Throughout the play the two characters Abigail and John Proctor show many differences in the characteristics of: lying/truthfulness, self-sacrifice/selfishnessRead MoreCompare And Contrast Young Goodman Brown And Abigail Williams1435 Words   |  6 Pagesyou ever tried to compare and contrast two different stories? In this case, Nathaniel Hawthorne, the author of short story Young Goodman Brown, and the play called The Crucible, wrote these two stories as if they were meant to be compared and contrasted. Whether it is Young Goodman Brown himself, or Abigail Williams from The Crucible, there are many similarities, along with differences between them. Along with comparing characters of these stories, we can also compare and contrast the two main themesRead MoreThe Paradoxical Nature of Belonging Depicted in Arthur Millers The Crucible1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, we are positioned to see belonging as paradoxical, in that the positive, human quality of belonging inevitably carries with it the negative and dangerous corollary of exclusion. By belonging, we are automatically excluding others and excluding ourselves from other groups. The Crucible achieves this complex presentation of belonging through a variety of interconnected techniques which will be explored in this essay. These techniques may be categorized into four mainRead MoreThe Crucible And The Handmaids Tale Analysis1176 Words   |  5 PagesIn the books The Crucible by Arthur Miller and The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood truth is large concept. Throughout the books truth is used to define the perception and the reality through key symbols that go above and beyond an object. In The Crucible The Bible plays an immense part in shaping characters characterist ics, also in The Handmaid’s Tale it shapes one of the main motifs of the story. Throughout the two books, flowers are a meaningful symbol which is compared to a real relationshipRead MoreI’m Not a Witch†¦ or a Communist! I Plead the 5th! Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesdestruction of many good Christian people and their families. Arthur Miller, who was arrested during the McCarthy era, wrote The Crucible, a play about the 1692 Salem witch trials, to expose the absurdities of McCarthy’s â€Å"witch hunt†. One of the most obvious similarities between the two time periods is McCarthy’s counterpart Abigail Williams, the infamous antagonist from The Crucible. In February 1950, McCarthy stated to the public that he held â€Å"A list of 205 that were made known to the Secretary of StateRead MoreComparing The Crucible and Salem Witch Trials Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pages The purpose of my paper is to compare and contrast Arthur Miller’s The Crucible with the actual witch trials that took place in Salem in the 17th Century. Although many of the characters and events in the play were non-fictional, many details were changed by the playwright to add intrigue to the story. While there isn’t one specific cause or event that led to the Salem witch trials, it was a combination of events and factors that contributed to the birth and growth of the trials. Some of theseRead MoreArthur Miller, The Crucible- Explain how tension is created in Arthur Millers The Crucible1547 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Crucible there is a lot of tension that builds gradually throughout the play. Tension is a very important factor in The Crucible and Arthur Miller uses a lot of different techniques to create and illustrate it. The tension repeatedly rises, and then falls. This could be displayed in a graph. The graph would start with small peaks, and as the tension escalates the peaks would gradually become higher. Note every peak would be higher than the previous to show a gradual build of tension throughoutRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1899 Words   |  8 Pageslistening to this advice, spreading bits of untruths as harmless as white lies to the more severe, like in the case of the Salem Witch Trials or the McCarthy trials during the Red Scare. Arthur Miller delved deeply into this topic in his famous play, The Crucible, in which he compared the Salem Witch Trials to the McCarthy trials as a comment on the self-preserving, rash, and gullible nature of human beings, in order to open the audience’s eyes to the error of their ways. He wanted them to see the negative

Analysis Of Upton Sinclair s The Flivver King

Flivver King Writing Assignment Zack Seymour US 102/ Professor Ward The Flivver King by Upton Sinclair tackles many social issues that were coming to be in the early 1900’s. Upton Sinclair used fictional characters in his book to depict how society viewed the rise of Ford and other enterprises. As a â€Å"muckraker† Sinclair had meaning behind every character and action in this book. His goal was to expose corporate enterprises for the â€Å"crimes† (no socialism or unionization) they had been committing. Based upon his book, Upton Sinclair would have had many answers why there was no socialism or unionization in the United States. His first answer would be corporate corruption. Big enterprises at this time only cared about their own profits not†¦show more content†¦Upton Sinclair felt that our nation at this time needed to establish a strong union where the workers can actually get help from a stronger organization when going against the corporations. Sinclair wanted a strong Union to help workers get what he feels they deserve, instead of terrible jobs. The reason why there is no strong presence of a labor union in this country is because of the risk that it presented for workers at the time. In the Flivver King, Henry Ford used thugs and goons to intimidate people from not bringing the any kind of union into his company. Upton Sinclair said this in the book, as a beleaguered American socialist in a society that is generally unsympathetic to the plight of the less fortunate, Sinclair pondered the question of why Socialism did not gain a foothold in the minds of the American workers. (Sinclair, Preface viii, xi) This passage shows the mindsets of the factory workers at the time prevented a chance and at a strong labor union. Sinclair feels that if the American workforce could have embraced a more socialist mindset, there could have been some kind of organization to protect them from being exploited and possibly fired just by mentioning the very idea of trying to start or join anything like a union. Other issues pointed out by Sinclair were workers being killed by various factors like poor or unsafe work

Philosophy And Fantasy Essay Example For Students

Philosophy And Fantasy Essay Symbolism of the RingSymbolism of the Ring:The Embodiment of EvilOne Ring to rule them all,One Ring to find them,One Ring to bring them alland in the Darkness bind them(1 LotR II,2 The Council of Elrond)One of the masters of British Literature, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien hasthe unique ability to create a fantasy world in which exists a nearlyendless supply of parallelisms to reality. By mastering his own world andhis own language and becoming one with his fantasy, Tolkien is able tocreate wonderful symbolism and meaning out of what would otherwise beconsidered nonsense. Thus, when one decides to study The Ruling Ring, orThe One Ring, in Tolkiens trilogy Lord of the Rings, one must not simplyperform an examination of the ring itself, but rather a complex analysis ofthe events which take place from the time of the rings creation until thetime of its destruction. Concurrently, to develop a more completeunderstanding of the symbolic nature of the ring, one must first develop asymbolic und erstanding of the characters and events that are relevant tothe story.This essay begins with a brief background of Tolkiens life,followed by a thorough history of the One Ring including its creation,its symbolic significance, its effect on mortals, and its eventualdestruction. Also, this essay will compare Tolkiens Ring to the RhinegoldRing of Norse mythology, and will also show how many of the characters inthe trilogy lend themselves to Christ-figure status. By examining the Ringfrom these perspectives, a clearer understanding of its symbolicsignificance will be reached. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, an English scholar and storyteller, becamefascinated by language at an early age during his schooling at,particularly the languages of Northern Europe, both ancient and modern. This affinity for language did not only lead to his profession, but alsohis private hobby, the invention of languages. He was also drawn to theentire Northern tradition, which inspired him to study its myths andsagas thoroughly. His broad knowledge eventually led to the development ofhis opinions about Myth, its relation to language, and the importance ofstories. All these various perspectives: language, the heroic tradition,and Myth, as well as deeply-held beliefs in Catholic Christianity worktogether in all of his works, including The Lord of the Rings (LotR). The creation of the One Ring or the Ring of Sauron goes back to theyears following the fall of Morgoth. At this time, Sauron established hisdesire to bring the Elves, and indeed all the people of Middle-Earth, underhis control. It was his opinion that Manwe and the Valar had abandonedMiddle-Earth after the fall of Morgoth. In order to bring the Elves underhis control, Sauron persuaded them that his intentions were good, and thathe wanted Middle-Earth to return from the darkness it was in. Eventuallythe elves sided with Sauron, and created the Rings of Power under hisguidance. Following the creation of these rings, Sauron created the OneRing in secret, so that he would be able to control the other rings andconsequently control the Elves. The creation of the Ring, and the essenceof its power is revealed in the following passage. and their power was bound up with it, to be subject wholly to it and tolast only as long as it too should last. And much of the strength and willof Sauron passed intothat One Ring; for the power of the ElvenRings was very great, and that which should govern them must be a thing ofsurpassing potency; and Sauron forged it in the Mountain of Fire in theLand of Shadow. And while he wore the One Ring he could perceive all thethings that were done by means of the lesser rings, and he could see andgovern the very thoughts of those that wore them. (from The Silmarillion,Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age)The power of the One is recognized by the Elves as soon as Sauron puts theRing on his finger. They realize that he can control their thoughts, andthey decide to remove their rings and not use them. The history of thering, then, follows that the Elves and Sauron became bitter enemies, andthe One ring remained in Saurons possession until it was taken by Isildurafter Saurons defeat, and wa s then lost in the river for many years. Eventually, it was found by Deagol, who was in turn murdered by his brotherSmeagol. Smeagol is the same person as the pitiful Gollum, who retainedthe ring until it was taken by Bilbo Baggins. From here, it logicallyfollows that it was given to Frodo Baggins by Bilbo, under the guidance ofGandalf the Grey, and so we reach the beginning of LotR. The nature of the One Ring can be explained in three distinct ways. Firstas a personification of Saurons power. Second as a symbol of evil ingeneral. And finally, as an inanimate object with a mind of its own, withthe ability to work away from its creator as well as return to its creatorof its own accord.. The next section of this essay will examine thesethree explanations. Indeed, as the Rings creator and original owner, Sauron had placed agreat amount of his own power into the ring for the purpose of controllingthe other rings. Because of this, the Ring is effectively an extension ofSaurons might. The loss of the Ring does not destroy Sauron, as would thedestruction of it. Rather, his power is simply spread around, and hisinfluence affects whomever should have possession of the Ring at any time. Should Sauron recover the ring again, however, his power will be greaterthan ever, as is explained in Book one of LotR. If he recovers it, thenhe will command them all again, wherever they be, even the Three, and allthat has been wrought with them will be laid bare, and he will be strongerthan ever.(1 LotR I,2 The Shadow of the Past) Even without the ring,then, Saurons power was immense. Throughout LotR, however, there are onlyhints of this power. Saurons power lies in control and dominion, and thedeprivation of free will. One example of Saurons power reflected in LotRis in Gollum, whose pitiful condition is the result of Saurons dominationover him as the bearer of the One Ring. The Ring presented as a symbol of evil is possibly the most important idearepresented in the trilogy. In Tolkiens world, evil is the antithesis ofcreativity, and is dependent on destruction and ruin for its basis. Conversely, goodness is associated with the beauty of creation as well asthe preservation of anything that is created. The symbolic nature of thesetwo ideologies is represented in the Elven Rings, which symbolize goodness,and the One Ring, which is wholly evil. A main theme of LotR, then, is thestruggle between good will and evil. Another theme that is in accordancewith this struggle is the theory that while goodness can create and bebeneficial, evil can only serve to pervert and destroy. Therefore, evilcannot exist unless there is something that can be perverted and destroyed. This idea is the main essence of Saurons evil nature, and thus the OneRing is the essence of evil as well, as it is the personification ofSauron. In the Letters of Tolkien, it is said that, Essentially theprimary symbolism of the Ring is as the will to mere power, seeking to makeitself objective by physical force and mechanism, and so also inevitably bylies. (Letters 180) This is to say that the purpose of the Ring is todestroy, through deceit and corruption, anything good in the world. Another way to show the symbolic nature of the ring is to say that itrepresents the omnipresence of evil. Its very existence, because itcontains the evil will of its creator, has the power to tempt, corrupt, andin doing so destroy. The next way in which the nature of the Ring can be examined is in the wayit has seemingly animate abilities as an inanimate object, namely theability to work away from and return to its creator. In order tounderstand this, one must realize that if the Ring is evil in itself, whichhas been explained earlier, then it must also have the ability to workevil. It cannot necessarily create evil ideas on its own, but instead itcan take advantage of any opportunity which presents itself to the Ring. Specifically, whenever Frodo is tempted to use or actually uses the Ring,the Ring has a chance to work corruption on him, even in the absence of thecreator. In this way, the Ring is advantageous, and the stronger thepresence of evil, the easier it is for the Ring to work on the bearer. Forexample, on Weathertop, the presence of the Witch-king is a tremendousevil, and the Ring takes advantage of this, convincing Frodo to use it inorder to escape. Although Frodo is not permanently corrupted at thispoint, the Ring is slowly eating away at him, and its power over him growseach time he uses it. This leads inexorably to the final failure of Frodo,that being at the Cracks of Doom, when he decides that the Ring is his byright. At this point, the Ring has won, and it is only by chance that itis successfully destroyed. It can be said that it is either theculmination of the Rings corruption of Frodo that resulted in its victoryor else it is that the Ring finally had enough outward evil presence to aidit in conquering the bearer, that presence being Mordor itself, the heartof evil. RECYCLING EssayIndeed, Gollum was so obsessed with the Ring that when he finally gets itback, he is so ecstatic that he missteps. In both cases, Evil has deceiveditself, which in turn has brought about its destruction. The Ring, thesymbol of Evil and evil power, has been defeated, not by the will ofgoodness, but rather by its own doing. The next section of this essay will make comparisons between LotR and NorseMythology, specifically the myths of the Rhinegold Ring and Otters Ransom. Also, comparisons will be made between LotR and Christianity, specificallythe possible presence of one or more Christ-figures in the trilogy. Through these comparisons, a greater understanding of the universality ofthe Rings symbolic significance will be reached. The Myth of Otters Ransom is a retelling of a myth contained in theVolsunga Saga of Norse Mythology. In this account, three gods, Loki, Odin,and Honir, are in a predicament over the accidental killing of Otter,brother of the giants Fafnir and Regin. The gods are trapped by thebrothers, and held to avenge Otters death. In order to save them, Odinmakes an offer to repay the family for the death. The ransom price set bythe family is a horde of red gold, enough to entirely cover the body ofOtter. In order to accomplish this, Loki leaves while Odin and Honirremain. Loki borrows a net from another god, and proceeds to capture thedwarf Andvari from the bottom of a pool inside a cavern. Loki demands thatAndvari give him his horde of gold that he controls within the pool. Andvari reluctantly agrees, and gives Loki the gold. After this, Lokinotices a ring on Andvaris finger, and demands it as well. A conflictemerges from this demand, and eventually Loki gets the ring, along withAndvaris curse upon it and the gold. Loki returns, and they give the goldto the family and cover Otters body with it. As they leave, they tell thefamily of the curse. The important thing to realize about this story isthat the ring is actually the Rhinegold Ring of Norse Mythology. Thebearer of this Ring is the one who controls the massive horde of Rhinegold. A case can be made for the horde as a symbol of power, in which case thereis direct relevance to the One Ring in LotR. Whoever bears the ring haspower, the power to command. This possibility in itself has the power tocorrupt those who desire possession of the ring. Another account of theRhinegold Ring is portrayed in Stephan Grundys novel, Rhinegold. Inthis account, the power of the ring is shown more clearly than in the firstaccount. After the father of Otter, Hraithmar, puts on the ring, he isovercome by his desire for the gold. As soon as he comes upon the pilecovering Otters body, he is drawn to it. The longer Hraithmar gazed atthe gold, the hotter its light seemed to burn in his body, shaking him witha sudden fear of desire. (Grundy 35) In a shocking similarity to LotR,the Ring, once used, has a tremendous power to corrupt and overpower. These are two examples of the many parallels that exist between Tolkiensfantasy and that of Norse Myth. The possibility of a Christ-figure in LotR is a difficult issue for severalreasons. First, Tolkien himself denied any such allegorical meaning behindthe trilogy and in fact denied nearly any allegorical meaning at all in hisworks. Also, it seems as though many of the characters bear somesimilarity to Christ at times, but none are completely representative ofHim. There is almost always some area in which the character in LotR islacking with respect to his Christ-like status. For example, The characterof Tom Bombadil, discussed earlier with respect to the Rings power, seemsto be extremely Christ-like in that he is considered by those who know himto be, The Master of wood, water, and hill. (Grundy 35) Also, he istruly the master of himself, and he knows his limitations as a man. Likeall men, he is limited; like Christ, he limits himself. At this point, itwould seem that Tom is a good representation of Christ. However, there aretwo distinct differences that separate Christ from Tom. The first is thefact that Tom knows of the miserable existence of the Barrow-Wights, yet isunmoved by the thought of them in misery. This lack of human compassion isa key difference between Tom and the Christ of faith. Also, while Tom haslimited himself like Christ, he has never suffered to gain his humility. He has never been ambitious, and is not tempted. To create anothersymbolic reference to the One Ring, Tom would never feel the temptation forthe Ring, in the same way he would never be tempted by a source of powersuch as the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. This is an aspect ofTom that would suggest that he is less human than he would appear to be. Perhaps he is a joyful savior rather than the type of savior that thefaith Christ was portrayed to have been. Tom is one example of aChrist-figure in the trilogy. Others include Gandalf, whose remarkablereturn to life after the battle with the Balrog could be symbolic ofChrists resurrection. Also, Gandalfs ability to be tempted yet resisttemptation, his ordeal after his resurrection in which his friends did notat first recognize him, and his transformation from Gandalf the Grey toGandalf the White are all areas in which parallels can be drawn to Christ. The only problem with the theory of Gandalf is that he is ultimately unableto save Middle-Earth. Although he guides Frodo in his mission, he canhardly receive credit when the mission fails. He is not strong enough tosave middle-earth, and this is because he was too strong in his successfulattempt to resist the temptation of the Ring. In order to summarize the essence of this study on the symbolism of the OneRing, it can be said that the Ring itself can be explained separately froman explanation of the Evil nature of the Ring. The Ring itself is thereality of Evil in the physical world. In every way, it is the nature ofevil which must be either accepted or rejected outright. Its mere presenceis a personification of the opportunity for people to have and execute freewill and make morally correct or incorrect decisions. Also, the ring is asymbol of power, evil power. It is the part of nature that continuallystrives to destroy a persons ability to exercise free will. The exerciseof Evil, and in essence the power of the Ring, is the exact opposite offreedom. As for the nature of evil, it has been shown that no good canpossibly come from evil means, but evil results can be averted if one canacquire the evil object while resisting the evil nature of it. Also, theRing is both real and symbolic. While the physical nature of the Ring isbehavioral, and can be physically observed, the essence or power of theRing is also a concept, a concept which opposes morality. Because of this,the Ring may be destroyed physically, and with it the power of its creator,but its essence, Evil, will remain present in some form until the end of time. Works CitedCrossley-Holland, Kevin. The Norse Myths. New York: Pantheon, 1980. Ellwood, Gracia Fay. Good News From Tolkiens Middle Earth. Grand Rapids,Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1970. Grundy, Stephan. Rhinegold. New York: Bantam, 1994. Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel. The Lord of the Rings Trilogy. New York:Ballantine,I1954, II1955, III1956. (References to The Lord of the Rings (LotR) are by volume, booknumber, chapternumber and chapter title.)Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel. The Silmarillion. New York: Ballantine, 1995. (References to The Silmarillion are by chapter name)Works ConsultedCarter, Lin. Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings. New York:Ballantine, 1969. Kocher, Paul H. Master of Middle Earth. New York: Ballantine, 1972. Petty, Anne C. One Ring to Bind Them All: Tolkiens Mythology. Mobile:Univ. ofAlabama Press, 1979Ready, William. The Tolkien Relation. Chicago: Henry Regenery Co., 1968. Schlauch, Margaret. The Saga of the Volsungs. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 1978Category: English

Contract between Ian and Amy-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Advise Lan by Focusing on the topic of Offer and Acceptance and Remedies. Answer: Issue Whether a contract was formed between Ian and Amy in this case, or not? Whether Ian has any remedies on the basis of facts give, or not? Rule A contract is a promise which takes place between two or a higher number of parties and which involves one party doing a particular thing and the other party paying the promised consideration (Clarke and Clarke, 2016). A contract has two formation methods, i.e., the oral manner and the written manner. In the oral form, the stipulations of the contract are traded and told in a spoken way; and in a written form, the contractual stipulations are properly declared on a document, which the contracting parties sign (Lambiris and Griffin, 2016). For creating a contract, it is crucial that certain specific elements are covered under it. These elements include the offer, the acceptance, the consideration, intent, clarity, consent and capacity. Even if one of these elements is missing, a legally binding contract is not created (Ayres and Klass, 2012). Offer is the first stage in contract formation as per which one of the parties has to offer certain terms to the other party. There is a stark divergence amid an offer and an invitation of treat (Andrews, 2015). The former symbolizes the objective of the contracting parties to form lawful relations, whilst the latter symbolizes the objective of the contracting parties to initiate negotiations. The facts of a particular case decide if an offer has been made or an invitation of treat was present (Latimer, 2012). In Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552, the court gave the statement that a request for information is not an offer (Poole, 2016). And in Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] UKHL 6, it was stated that may be prepared to sell had to be taken as an announcement of prices instead of being treated as a distinctive offer as it supplemented the original offer (British and Irish Legal Information Institute, 2017). Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 QB 401 was a case where the judges held that the goods which are kept on the shelf in a particular shop are an invitation to treat and not an offer. So, the seller is not under the obligation to sell the product to the buyer, till the time they pick the goods and take it for billing (Swarb, 2016). The adverts of newspapers and magazines are also deemed as invitation to treat in general, as was seen in Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 (E-Law Resources 2017a). Though, where the advert is such, which can be accepted by the reader, by merely acting upon it, it is considered as an offer, as was seen in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1 (E-Law Resources, 2017b). Upon the offer being made, there is a need to obtain acceptance on the offer that has been forwarded. Further, the acceptance needs to be submitted by such party to which the offeree made the offerr. And the next requirement is that the offer has to be accepted exactly in the manner in which it was made (Mulcahy, 2008). If there is a alteration in the communication which is sent as acceptance and in the terms of offer made, the communication would be taken to be a counter offer, and not an offer. This was seen when the matter of Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 was brought before court (Marson and Ferris, 2015). And once this happens, the original offer expires. In Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J 35, it was provided that mere silence would not be deemed as acceptance (Stone and Devenney, 2017). The acceptance date is taken to be such date on which the message of acceptance arrives before the offer making party. But, for emails, the Electronic Transactions Act, 1999 (Cth) applies. Section 14 of this act specifically states that the date on which the email leaves the device of the sender is to be taken as the date of offer or acceptance (Federal Register of Legislation, 2011). This is aligned with the postal rules of acceptance where the sending date is the acceptance date and the date of actual receipt is irrelevant (Blum, 2007). Once the offer and acceptance are obtained, and the other elements of contract are proved to be present, a lawfully binding contract is formed. In case a party to contract falls short in fulfilling the promise which was contained in the contract, the contract is considered to have been breached (Abbott, Pendlebury and Wardman, 2007). And in such situation, the aggrieved party gets the option of initiating a legal claim against the breaching party and get equitable or monetary damages. The monetary damages are in form of compensation and the equitable damages give the options of specific performance of the contract, getting the contract rescinded, or obtaining an injunction order to stop the other party from doing something (Elliot, 2011). The court, in Addis v Gramophone [1909] AC 488 provided that the purpose of presenting damages was to put the aggrieved party in a position where they would have reached by proper performance of contract by breaching party, instead of punishing the breaching party (E-Law Resources, 2017c). Application In the given case study, the advertisement which was placed over the Facebook page of Amy would be deemed as an invitation to treat as it invited interests of the people; thus opening up the scope for negotiations. This is also because unlike Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, this advert did not contain a unilateral offer which could be simply acted upon. And so, based on Partridge v Crittenden, this would be an invitation to treat. As this is an invitation to treat instead the same being an offer, Amy was not obliged to make the sale of dog to Ian, on the basis of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots. The communication which was sent by Ian on the same day, where he further inquired about the address would be deemed as a request of information based on Harvey v Facey. This is because here he requested the information regarding the address and expressed his desire to purchase the dog. The providing of address would also be deemed as pre-contractual negotiations. The offer was made when Ian emailed about picking the dog up on Friday 5 pm. This is the stage where the contract formation started. However, an acceptance was never obtained for this offer as Amy stayed silent on it. And Felthouse v Bindley clearly provides that silence is not acceptance. The absence of acceptance would mean that a contract could not be created between Ian and Amy and thus, a breach of contract by Ian, cannot be claimed, for selling the dog to Judy. Conclusion It can be concluding from this discussion that a contract was not created between Ian and Amy and so Ian has no remedies for breach of contract References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., and Wardman, K. (2007) Business Law. 8th ed. London: Thomson. Andrews, N. (2015) Contract Law. 2nd ed. UK: Cambridge University Press Ayres, I., and Klass, G. (2012) Studies in Contract Law. 8th ed. New York: Foundation Press Blum, B.A. (2007) Contracts: Examples Explanations. 4th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers. British and Irish Legal Information Institute. (2017) Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] UKHL 6 (08 March 1979). [Online] British and Irish Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1979/6.html [Accessed on: 26/08/17] Clarke, P., and Clarke, J (2016) Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. E-Law Resources. (2017a) Partridge v Crittenden (1968) 2 All ER 421. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Partridge-v-Crittenden.php [Accessed on: 26/08/17] E-Law Resources. (2017b) Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256 Court of Appeal. [Online] E-Law Resources. Available from: https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Carlill-v-Carbolic-Smoke-Ball-Co.php [Accessed on: 26/08/17] E-Law Resources. 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