Research Paper on Stereotypes Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

On Stereotypes - Research Paper Example one understanding of stereotypes is that they emerge to exploit differences between competing groups. Stereotyping downplays similar characteristics and magnifies differences. whiz sees this occur among African-Americans, whose identity clearly goes to a greater extent in-depth than racial background, as they are more American than African. However, American society consistently splits itself on lines of dour vs. w get rid ofe. An separate theory of stereotypes relies on psychological research and claims that for human beings it is too difficult to process in all the nuances of individuality so stereotypes mould to help cognitively organize groups of people. By assigning characteristics to large groups, it acquired immune deficiency syndrome humans in simplifying, organizing, and predicting the society they function. As a result, there is decreased need to process naked as a jaybird information that would distinguish people by individual traits. Sociologist Charles Hurst believes that, stereotypes (are) the lack of personal, concrete familiarity that individuals have with persons in other racial or ethnic groups. (Hurst 6). In these regards, its clear that lack of familiarity encourages the lumping together of unknown individuals. whatsoever the theory, its clear that stereotypes present a problem for society as they inhibit integration and function in large part to maintain a social caste system where upward mobility faces resistance. unrivaled can just view the cases of the maquilos workers on the Mexico Florida border and the gender stereotypes they endured when attempting to receive fair and equitable stipend and positions. Stereotypes are in direct opposition to our right as human beings to the pursuit of happiness and personal betterment. While stereotypes exist for a variety of reasons, its clear that there are a figure of speech of stereotypes that have emerged that are regularly believed by large group s of the general public. One of the major sweeps of stereotyping occurs in the area of gender. In these regards, men are presented as needing to be concerned with sports and manly pursuits. Oftentimes, there are stereotypes presented of woman, much(prenominal) as blondes as being outgoing and fun loving, while girls who read having a prudish edge. One comes to witness a great degree of gender stereotypes in phrases such as you should never hit a girl. As within such statements there is the belief that men should be shaky and men physically strong. Another area of stereotyping occurs in terms of race. Race constitutes one of the major areas where stereotyping occurs. For instance, Mexicans are depicted as lazy, while Asians are depicted as being studious and career driven. smooth more stereotyping occurs in regards to religion. If one speaks to individuals very familiar with sects of Christianity, for instance, they will oftentimes report that Baptists have diverse attitudes tha n Catholics or Lutherans. In addition, there are a wide variety of stereotypes regarding practitioners of Judaism, with these individuals being thought of as thrifty or intellectual. Finally, stereotyping also occurs in regards to peoples sexual preferences. In regards to sexual preference, zippy individuals are oftentimes depicted as speaking with a lisp or doing fantastical or fabulous things. They are also believed to wear specific types

Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

operations perplexity - Assignment ExampleThe Author asserts and emphasizes on the CITA accreditation, and sheds the concepts of Operations Management in order to achieve the CITA accreditation by Al-Jouf International condition. Having these Operations Management concepts applied, the Author justifies that the School will achieve CITA accreditation in the future.The case study organization, the author relates to is Al-Jouf International School. The author has served as an pedagog (tutor) for the past 3 years in the School. The author has found out certain managerial issues, steep turnover rates for educators, failed system in order to support the CITA accreditation, and declining school enrolment. The author suggests that Operational Management concepts are a must for the School in order to gain the repute among other warlike International Schools.Al-Jouf International School is located in suburbs of Sakaka, Saudi-Arabian Arabia. It is the school having two separate sections, all(prenominal) comprising of Boys wing and Girls wing that are gender based separated. The foundations of the school was led in 2006, with an aim to make up in quantity and to provide the quality and satisfactory education for the children, that will foster the future of Saudi Arabia and whoever learns and are ready to serve the International market. Al-Jouf International School laid its foundations on the basis of skill based education. The aims of the school were to provide the best quality education with an aim to be a patch of an International Accrediting. It aimed to provide the quality education having leading quality educators with going beyond Chalk and talk method.The structure of the School includes the Chairman of the School, followed by the Principal, Vice Principal and Faculty. The management staffs include the pay sections comprising of Finance officer and his Co Finance Officer. There is a

Theodore Roosevelt's philosophy of government and the programs of his Term Paper

Theodore Roosevelts philosophy of government and the programs of his administration - term Paper ExampleThese images have been a long time inspiration to both the normal and incapacitate individuals in the country. This inspiration rather provided them more than the want to be something or at least someone who is worth the life that they were given over, it also aimed them to work harder for their country.This was a very important piece of inspirational penury to the people during the mid-20th century. Basically, people then were undergoing a huge series of social turmoil given the detail that they were passing through times of economic great falloff and that of the second world war, when for so some colonies of imperialist countries such as Spain, America stood to be one of the independent giving bodies who continuously push for the makeup of democracy in the world.Yes, in physical approach, Theodore Roosevelt may have been perceived to be weak, scarce with the strategic utilization of his mind powers and the cooperation that the American people were readily able to provide him as sustentation to his governance and his administrational platform that he would like to apply not only for the better standing of his feature country but also for the recovery of those other government administrations of smaller countries to whom he and his administration has given independence to. 2One of the peak issues during Theordore Roosevelts Presidency in America was that of the great depression that paved way to huge unemployment issues and less finances to use for the basic needs of the people. Through the establishment of the National Recovery Administration (NRA), President Roosevelt was rather able to create the necessary programs needed to take in a more systematic way of differing the situations of the country from the downfall that it is expected to face as the geezerhood of great depression was ready to take part of.The institution of this approach to t he great depression provided a more instituting system that gives a chance to

Who am I Personal autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Who am I individualised autobiography - Essay ExampleDifficulties in my growing years molded my character when it comes to endurance which proved to be vital in a future stepping stone, the navy. There were times I felt so terrible because of disappointments to myself when I fail in an endeavor but as I forecasted around and saying others committing mistakes yet never giving up, I erudite to encourage myself. Controlling my emotions was one of the things I learned because I bring on learned that being emotional could break a person. This could probably one of the things that have strongly influenced me to consider discipline and determination to be my friends and little victories, my comfort. I am family oriented and I value education for myself. Having grown in a closely-knit family, the value of it has deeply been rooted in my disembodied spirit so that treasuring family members has become a part of me. I believe that family comes first in a marital mans life because there w ould be no other people more concern of an individual than a bloodline. Today, there could be home cares for elders where family members could be nursed however there would close up be no better place like home and no better people to look after an aged person than a family member. Entering the navy in 1989 with the full support of my family, I knew I was taking a jump of a great distance that could either make or break me knowing the discipline the opportunity has in store for me.

Discuss the failure of business journalism in reporting the great Essay

Discuss the failure of business journalism in reporting the not bad(p) market calve of 1929 - Essay ExampleFurthermore, banks invested customers currency in stock markets. The upward bound in the stock market was highly promising, and the swell market dispel in October 1929 hit everyone by surprise. Nevertheless, thither had been warning signs like the mini-crash in March 25th, 1929 when prices began falling, but with the assurance of Charles Mitchell of the continued lending of money the fright was suppressed (King 2000, p. 67). The spring of 1929 also gave more signs of a serious setback to the economy due to the retardent down of steel production, car sales and house constructions. During this time, some few individuals warned of impending serious crash in the stock markets, but they were cautioned, ignored and labelled as pessimists. Most economists believe in pass of the overall stinting activities between the expansion and contraction of the economic periods. The econom ic growth alternates with depressions and recessions. Analysis of the great depression indicates efforts by economists and journalists and their determination of the causes of depression (Burgan 2002, p.78). Discussion Business journalism requires that the journalists screw exactly what is required, and the depicted object should be critically analyzed before distribution to the audience. Some business journalists do not know the appropriate sources for their information to back up a story or an event. Others do not determine the principles of economics and the importance of stock markets. Some business reporting lack contextualization, which helps readers understand the meaning of the economic situation. The major goal of business reporting is to enhance more customer cover up and retention. This is in particular notable since many people have shifted to the media for them to know the prevailing economic conditions. People simply fate better business coverage (King 2000, p. 67 ). Business journalism in reporting during the great market crash The business journalists knew about the great depression, but their ignorance of the economic history was massive. Ignorance in expressing their opinions rendered everything wrong during their reporting on the great depression. For instance, in 1920, the forecasting reported on flourished economy and failure to recognize the coming depression, a factor that totally put them out of business. J. K. Galbraiths reporting on The Great Crash 1929 relates to the forecasts of the Harvard stinting Service who failed in warning the business of impending depression. Galbraith wrote in November 1929 that the U.S. was not facing a lengthened liquidation and that severe depression like that which was in 1929-1931 was less likely to be experienced. This, according to Wood, is shallow, misdirect and lacks permanent value, and that any journalist who relies on great market crash account by Galbraith deserves the reave (Ewing et al 2 007, p. 1123-128). Business journalism failed to recognize the warnings from some economists of the impending depression. For instance, Ludwig von Mises, in summer of 1929, refused a furrow offer in Kreditanstalt Bank since he saw the coming of the depression and feared to be associated with it. Furthermore, Mises warned that the loose money policies by central banks would have caused the depression. Also, Friedlich von Hayek warned of the impending depression in US. Writing from the Institute of Economic research in

IT Security System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Security System - Research Paper ExampleFire and insert horrify security system frame agreement being the only avail suitable current on-the-scene(prenominal) security/alarm system is a good foundation than having none. However, integration of multiple systems to alarm such(prenominal) as security video, for example, Closed-Circuit Television (CCTVs), and security voice communications would permit more efficient use of on-site security systems and manpower. It is vital to pinpoint that, the better the system integration, the better the political party get out be able to use its on-site security force (Thomas, 2011).The key to ensuring cost effectiveness incurred on the security system is often the elegant combination of simple technologies into a highly refined systems. For example, inst alling security cameras all over the boundaries of the company will have a centralized position where the control system is operated. Therefore, this will reduce the unnecessary cost incu rred by employing incompetence manpower and ensure improved security system longevity. The opportunity cost can be used to improve other basic operations of the company (Thomas, 2011).Security systems are notoriously short lived as they are composed of numerous delicate components that either fail mechanically or are unable to upgrade as the system scales. Considering the importance of ensuring a constant security system, in that location is need to keep to date the security information technology via activities such as regular maintenance and proper handling of the security gadgets such as CCTVs cameras due to their civilise nature and through away obsolete and non-compatible with newer technology components (Thomas, 2011).Acquiring external Information Technology security is capital intensive hence often is expensive and with every motive of reduced expenses and increased revenue, there is the need to invest on internal security for the company to reduce such costs. However, it will collect specialized people to train

Ice breaker Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ice ledgeman - Article ExampleIt is a novel idea to subdivide larger groups into smaller ones so as to get more of the benefits and attain the goals quicker. Considerations in splitting the group are to enhance the generation of immature ideas and talk about problems from different perspectives. Further, the grouping may be to attain a different ruffle up of the particular groups. Ways of dividing a large group may include favorite drinks or dinners, their hobbies, their wear, skin colour and even their favorite flavors. However, the list is not exclusive and can include other options beyond this scope. In addition, the inclusion process should cater for accessibility, communication, use of labels, acknowledging the difference and previous evaluation.Gaming is an important form of conflux whose participants include both those with or without disabilities. The idea behind it is to master the art of being a leader, cooperation, pass judgment defeat, working in shifts, cooperation , accommodating others and observing the terms and conditions. Further, you learn how to respect cho methamphetamines made by colleagues and advance your skills. The point is to learn and adapt the situation around especially for the students who have disabilities. Other activities that are full to this course is dividing the groups, chicken impulse, circling the circle and creating first impressions. Further, developing the art or knowing each other, marshmallow tower, make-up pieces and thrashing your ego are very necessary. They all advance group solidarity, participation and establishing means of ice breaking when in different

Whether we should depend on renewable energy instead of fossil fuels Thesis

Whether we should depend on renewable energy quite of fogey fuels - Thesis ExampleIn many respects, renewable energy is more beneficial, and this is why in the neargonst future masses should use it as the main source of energy instead of fossil fuels.First of all, renewable energy is not as harmful for the ecology as fossil fuels. As a result of human activities, the atmosphere of the planet is everywhereloaded with carbon dioxide and other emissions which added all in concert cause the greenhouse effect that result in the rise of the average temperature of the atmosphere, also referred to as worldwide warming. For example, in the United States, In accordance with the data presented on the official website of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, over 70% of electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, mostly coal and natural gas. In total, electricity production in the country accounts for about one third of harmful emissions, among which 25 percent are emitted by coal-fi red power plants and 6 percent by natural gas-fired power plants (United States Environmental Protection Agency). At the same time, when it comes to the use of renewable energy, greenhouse gases emissions are minimal. What is more, the U. S. Department of Energys National renewable Energy Laboratory have introduced a milestone study, in accordance to it would be possible to conquer greenhouse gases emissions by 81 percent if at least 80 percent of electricity in the country were produced using renewable sources of energy.Second of all, renewable sources, such as wind energy, solar energy, geothermic energy, hydrogen, biofuel etc., are vast and inexhaustible. All these mentioned sources have a great technical potential to meet the needfully of electricity of the entire world. For example, by 2040, solar power industry could provide 26 percent of peoples needs for electricity (McLamb). Fossil fuels, in their turn, are not unlimited at all. thence with the latest

Law of Torts Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law of Torts - Coursework ExampleTo discover the purpose, this paper shall first trace the test that have been developed overtime through the finiss of the courts, examine their shortcomings, and at long last conclude on the extent to which it is possible to frame a single indebtedness of heraldic bearing. Before the plaintiff proceeds any further to elicit evidence of the coverlessness, and damage resulting from the use up of the defendant, the defendant must establish that the defendant owed him a duty of care. But how does one establish that they are owed a duty of care? The traditional approach has established the duty of care to exist in certain special relationships, much(prenominal) as doctor/patient, lawyer/client and manufacturer/consumer. However, for certain fresh cases, test must be applied to establish whether the duty of care exists. The court has over time developed a moneyed jurisprudence over the tests that are applicable to establish a common law duty of c are. several(prenominal) tests have been developed to apply to particular set of facts. ... But to what extent is it possible to formulate a single test? Lord Bridge, in Caparo V Dickman2, recognized that traditionally, law finds the existence of duty in different specific situations each exhibiting its own particular characteristics. In this way, the law has identified a grand variety of duty situations, all falling within the ambit of the tort of negligence, but sufficiently different to require separate definitions of all essential ingredients by which the existence of the duty is to be recognized. Duty of parcel out Tests How it Has Developed over Time Prior to Donoghue V Stevenson, duty of care, to find negligence was normally on a case by case basis. It was normally owed in only specific and defined circumstances, much(prenominal) as those established under a contract. The modern quest for a single general convention that can be applied to all circumstances to determine t he existence of a duty of care can be traced to Brett, M.R, decision in Heaven V. Pender,3 where he stated that, whenever a person is by circumstance, placed in such a position with regards to another, that every one of ordinary sense, who did think, at at once recognize that if he did not use ordinary care and skill in his own conduct with regard to those circumstances, he would cause danger of injury to the person or property of the other, a duty arises to use ordinary care and skill to avoid the danger. However, other judges did not concur with this decision fully. It was later extended by Lord Atkins in the Donoghue case. He stated that the above decision was as well wide. Lord Atkin held that for a new duty to arise, it has to have a pedigree to a scenario that had already been examined and sort by the court, stating that, when a new point emerges, one should ask not whether it is

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector Essay

Understanding Challenges In The Third Sector - Essay fontMoreover, I have learnt that people suffering from learning disabilities can be recuperated with the constant compassionate persist and care (St Elizabeths Centre, 2013). Social enterprises are brass instruments that conduct business, bearing the primary objective to maintain the betterment of the societies by education, social legal action and fiscal aid which promote in generating income for the organisation (Social Enterprise Alliance, 2013). The enterprises are similarly liable for common steady-going to provide safety and security along with performing economic activity (Economic and Social Research Council, 2013). Based on this conception, the essay intends to provide a reflective assessment found on the experiences obtained in St Elizabeths Centre, on the concepts and models of trine sector organisations and challenges faced by the organisations in the modern mean solar day context. It also provides certain pe rtinent understanding regarding the ways to deal with the challenges. Concept, Theories and Models Resources and Impact The successful orientation of an organisation focuses on the availability of adequate resources within the flowplace premises. It can be stated that mobilisation of the resources is of import in building third sector organisations such as St Elizabeths Centre, which generally indicates a charitable organisation. Resources assist in maintaining time and work efficiency in the charitable organisation, which enables them to build and foster effective work destination. Moreover, with adequate supply of resources, it positively influences the process of work performed in the organisation. This would in turn facilitate in solving the problems of... Understanding Challenges In The Third SectorIt can also be stated that third sector organisations focus on facet of common good irrespective of diverse work culture as strong as cohesion of activities. The sector also comp rises practical logic as well as different types of social entities. Third Sector Research Centre is considered to be one of the snapper components of the Civil Society Almanac working for over for 10 years with the collaboration of National Council for willful Organisations. Third Sector Research Centre focuses on the charitable organisations related to civil society. It can be stated that the TSRC plays an important role in providing charitable needs to the people in the communities of the United Kingdom. TSRC receives financial frequent from Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), which is the office for the Civil Society and Barrow Cadbury Trust. TSRC as a part of the civil society argues that organisations in every sector depend on civil live that necessitates the commitment of individuals through sharing of financial aid and time in accordance with the organisations.These organisations provide support with the assistance of required finance, management support, compet ent and supportive human resources as well as governmental influence for maintaining effective functioning in the society. Thus, third sector organisations focus on ascertaining the common good through their comprehensive efforts towards societal development.

DB Qs Dar mkt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DB Qs Dar mkt - Essay ExampleIn this regard, the significance of online stores like Amazon cannot be denied winning buying preference to the next level. Companies need to switch to aggressive marketing strategies in order to oppose to the marketing needs and consumers pick outs. Amazon should consider offering online platform to brick and mortar stores in order to admirer them in surviving rather along with maintaining the aggressive marketing channels to cater to the needs and demand of consumers.There ar a number of factors affecting the buying behavior of consumers including the demographic, social, psychological, and economic factors. Keller 2 utter that demographic factors like age, sex, and gender determines the buying preference of consumers while social factors like preference for legitimate products along with accessibility overly affects the buying process. Kotler 3 stated that economic factors in the form of availability of money and need also determine the buying behavior. However, factors like reference from former(a)s and marketing channels also affect the consumer behavior and their buying decisions in the long run.Keller 2 believed that business to customers and business to business are two different things that need proper understanding and compendium. In terms of the major difference, it can be said that business to customers is based on emotional connect, analysis of cost and benefits, and identifying the specific needs. On the other hand, business to business is based on analyzing the benefits on a broader note often based on personal and private presentations by the marketers stating the usefulness and benefits of the products and services. B2C is not very much personal in temper while B2B is often very personal in nature in terms of signifying the value and benefits. Keller 2 further added that B2C is further driven by the reference and recommendations of others while B2B is driven by the thorough analysis of the

EasyCar com Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

EasyCar com - Case aim ExampleAvis, Europcar, and Hertz were in truth prominent across Europe. However, each region had a prominent internal player in the market as well and these attracted about half of the crowd for the simple campaign of familiarity. These top firms were aware of their place in the market and the fountain for their being there. They targeted both business and unemployed segments and offered them the services they required most by offering a wide range of vehicles. This meant that the leisure or touring car class could opt to use a lower end vehicle and save on cost and the business segment could choose the best and optimize their experience. The rental car scenario also comprised of a few smaller players who operated out of a few locations only and focused mainly on the tourist crowd, and brokers who did not own a fleet of vehicles of their own but had tie-ups with variant players in the market and gain via commission from them. It can be said that the car rental industry was at the time very stable in Western Europe. Service delivery was monotonous and there was huge scope for the conversion to occur in the segment.Reducing the operating costs is a key strategy to survive and come after in any industrial sector, with the rental car industry being no exception to it. EasyCar undertook various measures to keep their operating costs down. EasyCars mission was to provide rental cars at low prices so that these could prove to be competition for public modes of transport as well as even owning peerlesss own vehicles. They followed many simple strategies such as keeping only one oddball of vehicle at one venue. This worked out well for them as maintenance charges would be uniform. Even when they refractory to use different vehicles, they always ensured that there was only one class of vehicles at one location. The reason for choosing to introduce a different class of vehicles was that newer vehicles were costing them lower to maintain on a day by day basis and so they could charge.

Should Government assist business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should Government attention business - Essay Exampleup duty schemes and other import restrictions assists in foreign operations provides for a postal system conducts and encourages research and knowledge pays out vast sums for goods, services, and transfer payments and helps in maintaining a sound banking system (Isaacs & Slesinger, 1964, p. 10).Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to clean up the benefits of this assistance provided by the US government to business on economy and also about the sum it implies on the government and its policies and then come to a point to decide as to should government assist small businesses in their effort to be a sectionalisation of internationalization by entering into exportation market.Encouraging exports is a primary concern of most governments. In the United States, the Department of Commerce has some programs devoted to the development and nurturing of beginning exporters. Substantial resources are devoted to export promotion progra ms designed to amplify the propensity of small companies to export.However, while useful politically throwing monetary resources at a problem tummy be very wasteful. In the era of government budgetary problems and fiscal frugality, program accountability is part of every politician and administrators agenda. In the export promotions sector, the need to spend money wisely has emerged as a key concern.Government assistance refers to the policies that a government puts forth to help the exporter conduct international business. Studies stick shown that governments quarter either help or hinder the export process. Typically, they help by providing information, sale leads, measure incentives, insurance, and financing programs. Czinkota and Ricks (1981) and Reid (1984) found that government assistance could stimulate export activity by providing relevant information. Governments can also hinder export decisions via their foreign exchange rate policy. Bauerschmidt, Sullivan, and Gilles pie (1985) found that a high U.S. sawhorse relative to foreign currency

Global Hunger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Hunger - audition Examplembined aid of between $135 and $195 billion for the next ten years, which may seem akin a lot but it is not, according to Sachs, because it would only represent a small increase in the gross domestic product percentage of each country. Sachs is a valid source on this issue, as he has worked as an economist for various institutions and countries and is even a special advisor to the United Nations on global poverty. Extreme poverty, which is defined by Sachs as having an income of less than a dollar per day, is a epochal problem, as it is responsible for countless deaths worldwide each day and is solely responsible for the extreme animation conditions in some developing countries. This book uses a number of significant analyses from Sachss own experiences, which attain the book a precise legitimate feel. Also, Sachs discusses many of the causes of global poverty and gives solutions to how these problems can be set(p) and why the governments of th ese countries should listen to his theories and implement these solutions.One of the main reasons for extreme poverty, according to Sachs, is that much of the world suffers from vile geography, poor road and rail networks, and/or poor healthcare. This makes travel to and from these locations difficult, which cuts down on the amount of distribute that other countries are willing to do with that particular country. It also makes these regions unviable for tourism, which is a main source of income for many wealthy nations. This makes it very difficult to maintain any type of economic growth, as there is very little to build on. Even though todays search for cheap labor has moved jobs from rich countries to poor, (Landes, 520) the disagreement between the countries remains. Without any immediate sources of viable income, these countries have become trapped in subsistence mode, which makes it nearly impractical for them to develop at a significant rate. All of the money that these co untries do produce goes into maintaining what the

Post disaster shelter reconstruction Coursework

Post disaster render reconstructive memory - Coursework ExampleResearch has shown that sustainable post-disaster protective cover reconstructive memory is crucial in strengthening resilience and provides full and equitable benefit (Ganapati & Ganapati, 2009 p.57). The principle of sustainable post-disaster shelter reconstruction requires that such reconstruction should extend to the needs of the present generation without compromising the capacity of the coming generations to meet their needs (Ahmed, 2011 p.159).There are certain challenges hinder sustainability in post-disaster shelter reconstruction and they include massive displacement crisis, extensive bodily destruction and limited accessible land. Effective shelter reconstruction in urban setting must(prenominal) thusly balance between all interests including, social equity, environment, as well as the economy. Provision of shelter in urban setting after a disaster should be considered as an integrated improvement where technical, socio-economical, institutional as well as environmental concerns are considered in each and every pointedness of the reconstruction process (2010 p.103). As indicated by Hayles (2010 p.104), post-disaster shelter reconstruction process should ensure sustainable results non only with regard to flesh and construction activities, but also in ensuring ease of access to provide of water, roads as well as sanitation systems. Integrated approach to shelter reconstruction is therefore very important and should include livelihood opportunities, social structures and safety opportunities.This paper focuses on post-disaster shelter reconstruction in urban environments with specific reference to shelter and settlement planning. It outlines the planning process for post-disaster shelter reconstruction within urban and critically analyses the roles of shelter practitioner including needs assessment, methodological approach, settlement planning & design and construction. While the aim of planning for shelter reconstruction process is

Leadership Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership assigning - Essay ExampleIf people believe in themselves, its amazing what they can achieve. (Brown, 2007) Some people atomic number 18 born to lead and Albert Arnold Al Gore, Jr is one of them History and background Al Gore was born on 31st of March in 1948 and served as the 45th vice prexy of the U. S. of America under the judicial system of president bill Clinton. Al jury was the nominee from the Democratic Party in 2000 for the election of the president of united States (Gore and Media, 2006). Al Gore is at present a writer, entrepreneur, and environmental campaigner (Berlet, 1995). He has at once served as an US elected official for almost 24 years, and he represented Tennessee in the U.S. house of Representatives from the year 1977 to 1985, and later he served in the U.S. Senate from the year 1985 to 1993, and then finally he became the Vice electric chair of united states of America in 1993. Even though in the 2000 election campaign, Al Gore win the popular vote by an amazing 500,000 votes and more. But, he could not stand up and eventually had to discharge the Electoral College as well as the election, to Republican George W. Bush and this happened due to the Florida re counting baptistry that Supreme Court ruled in the favor of GW bush. This has happened only once in the history of United States that Supreme Court has ruled in any president elections. Early Childhood Al jury was born in the hub of US that he was born in the Washington DC it self, he was the secondly child of Al gore senior who also was a representative in the senate from the state of Tennessee , his nonplus Pauline al gore have from the university of Vanderbilt ( its law civilize). One of his sisters died young due to lung cancer. The ancestors of al gore were Scottish and Irish who settled in Virginia in the middle of the 17th century and shifted to Tennessee after the warfare of revolution. During the year when he went to school he resided with his family i n The Fairfax Hotel located in the Embassy Row section in Washington D.C. Al gore family was also in to cattle and farming, as in summer vacations al gore use to go to Tennessee and help on the family farms which grew tobacco and hay. Al Gore early education was from the St. Albans School in Washington, D.C. which was from the year 1956 to year 1965 this school was considered as a prestigious feeder school which prepared its students for the Ivy League colleges. Al gore was also into sports as he became the captain of the football game team, was also in throw disc team and last but not the least participated in foot ball. He was also interested subject same in arts and government, he graduated and applied for the most prestigious college in the states that is Harvard and also got accepted Al gores semipolitical career for the US presidential candidate was a short one Lets say you were dreaming up the ideal stealth applicant for 2008 presidential elections, A Democrat who could b e a part of the presidential race when the party confronts its doubts about the lead runners. Mostly the candidate should be some one like Barack Obama that the United States have in recent times. Especially when Iraq was one of the main targets for the US, and to hold USs sovereignty it was genuinely important to have a man who could deliver what he promised. Also it was very important to have a candidate who was rough and tough and knew how to handle the world through a center

Jack Kerouacs on the Road - a Biography Essay Example for Free

rapscallion Kerouacs on the lane a Biography probeOn the path was published in 1957 by Viking Press. Apart from criticism by traditional conservatives, Jack Kerouacs novel gained huge popularity with a younger generation of rebels (point to Sams pencilcase). Commonly viewed as an auto record combined with a biography of Neal Cassady, it is considered a testament to the Beat legend. Fascinated by the falsehood of the King of the Beatniks, I examined the authenticity of On the way and found several issues the method in which it was written, unwritten prose lack of primary sources and the authors intention. Jean Louis Lebris de Kerouac was born on the 12 March 1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts. He gained a football scholarship to Columbia University in New York, where he met Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs, who in concert found the three literary musketeers of the Beat Generation. The Beat Gen were a stalwart literary movement active during the 50s, whose iconoclastic t exts dissented formalist constriction of expression, experimentation and individualism, and viewed post-war prosperity, and materialism as antithetical to social equality.Their works pushed the boundaries of censorship, including underground elements sinister to the mental institution such as homosexuality, drugs, bop jazz, impulsive desire, preference for marginalised cultures, like Buddhist and Native American, and unconformity to the typically American dream of white picket fence within which your three cherub children can safely frolic. The traditional conservatives called it earthy and anti-intellectual, and politicians labelled aspects of the Beat Gen psyche as Communist.The popularity and resonance Beat Gen lit had with the youth rebellion generation made it a prominently influential movement in American literature. The Beat Gen members, being c areer long friends, shared these views and were inspired by figures of the counterculture, in the case of On the Road, Neal Cass ady, who was the Beat beliefs personified, the holy con-man with the lustrous mind (p11). On the Road is about Sal Paradise, an amateur writer struggling with inspiration when he is introduced to doyen Moriarty, a walking legend, the epitome of a Beat man.The novel marks distinct stages of Sals development and development, and his relationship with Dean as he shambled afterward as Ive been doing Narrated by Sal, he meets and travels with separate characters, bumming and hitchhiking across America. Kerouac developed spontaneous prose, inspired by improvisation in jazz and passionate excitement, its extremely confessional, immediate, producing a raw, liberal and intense stream of consciousness, establishing spiritual and personal connections with the narrator.This convinces the reader of a senior steep level of honesty and vulnerability, and authenticity. Also, theres an infamous story that adds to the legend of Kerouac and On the Road the manuscript was typed in 2 weeks fuel led by coffee and Benzedrine, on a seriously lengthy scroll, of teletype paper taped together so that changing the roll wouldnt disrupt his writing. Tim Hunt wrote in Kerouacs Crooked Road that Kerouac hoped that drafting Although its important that there is a high connection between the writer and the reader, its also important to note that this sort of spontaneity compromises the detail and accuracy of Sals accounts, which brings into questions the subtleties and chronology of small-scale action. Also, his unrestrained investment makes his narration highly opinionated and being so influenced by Cassady as to travel across the country, Kerouacs opinions transferred into Sal the persona are influenced heavily by Dean.The authenticity and honesty that spontaneous prose conceptualises is undermined by the maladroitness and large revision of the manuscript. The published edition was the fourth, and he had been working on On the Road for 2 and a half years, within which he was experim enting with his writing style. He loathed and complained when his editor, who he called a crass doofus, forced several revisions of contextually pornographic sections. In Essentials of spontaneous Prose, released in 1958, he claims that the conscious lively mind might censor richness of imagination. And I come back richness of imagination is a euphemism for high, considering the evidence, fictional and factual, of drugs like Benzedrine and weed that reduce clarity of mind, but stimulate the inventive senses. The high levels of intimacy of the actions, as yetts, dialogue and lives of the characters and their real life counterparts means that we cannot satisfactorily negate or authenticate a large amount of content, considering the verbose and opportunistic nature of the characters, in particular Dean, and the introverted thoughtfulness of Kerouac.For instance, after his time with Remi Bonceour, an old friend of Sals, he sees the cutest little Mexican girl in slacks and he says I wished I was on her bus. A pain stabbed my heart, as it did every time I byword a girl I loved who was going the opposite direction in this too-big world. Then lo and behold, he gets on his bus to LA and there she is sitting alone, he befriends/propositions/seduces in the proper gentlemanly counsel of the 50s as you would a strange girl, offering her his jacket for a pillow.Terry and Sal spend cardinal days together, Sal experiencing the Mexican labourers life, and at the end, he leaves with an empty promise of New York together. The truth of this encounter is intimate to Kerouac and the girl that is dubbed Terry if she even exists. On the bus from St Louis to Pittsburgh, days after his contribution with Terry, he made the acquaintance of a girl and we necked all the way to Indianapolis. She was nearsighted. He had expert described his parting with Terry with love is a duel, and looked at each former(a) for the last time. Still, we vex dates that correlate with the chronolog y of On the Road, but this doesnt really authenticate the text, because the majority of it is thoughts, words, actions, affairs of concourse and these are not things that would have been recorded by the public or the media or any historically arouse people. The limit on primary sources thanks to the Kerouac estate closing most of his original manuscripts and letters, means that even his biographies are dependent on very little, written post-mortem and supplemented by his friends who were close to his work, like John Clellon Holmes and Allen Ginsberg.Still, other publications that overlap time periods with On the Road include Vanity of Duluoz and Visions of Cody. Visions of Cody was intended as a mischance and replacement of On the Road, and the obscure structure and style seeming dependent on pure recollection, contrasts with the annals style of On the Road. Kerouac struggled with the rejection of his archetypical novel, The Town and the City, so in order to appeal to more peop le and find success, On the Roads surprisingly conventional narrative structure furthers it away from biography and autobiography.The separation of four different trips emphasises the stages of plot development. It has a protagonist, Dean, who solicits the narrator, Sal, throughout their time together on the road. In fact every part begins revolving around Dean. So its understandable to think of On the Road as a biography of Neal Cassady, however, its highly biased, considering the obvious love, admiration and dedication Deans disciple shows, which then means that the biography would undoubtedly contain bias, hyperbole, neglect, forgiveness, and judgement.There are also motifs and allusions to undischarged American stories influenced by writers such as Melville, Hemingway, Saroyan and Twain, he makes reference to their work here came a melancholic Armenian youth along the red box-cars, and just at that moment a locomotive howled, and I said to myself, Yes, yes, Saroyans town (p78 ). He had even planned to write in a minatory man to draw stronger connections to Huckleberry Finn, but decided against it. This is evidence of thematic concern, deliberation and careful consideration, which further undermines the tout ensemble spontaneous prose thing.It might be because Im an avid fan of Kerouac, I just think hes beautiful and beautifully written, but I think that the mysteriousness of the veracity of On the Road contributes to the aura that has accumulated throughout its time, and doesnt degrade it as a milestone in literature and America. I think the authenticity of On the Road shouldnt be brought to light in the first place because it wasnt meant to be a biography of anyone, and it should just be read to marvel at the wondrousness of words and their meanings, just like any literature, and I really recommend you read it Sam because its totally cliche but it changed my life.

Slavery and sectionalism, between the North and South Essay Example for Free

bondage and secti bingledism, between the North and randomness EssayTo what extent did the Ameri apprise civil contend succeed in removing the dickens main slips of conflict slavery and sectionalism, between the North and south-central?The causes of the cultured War argon a subject that pass fascinated historians for generations, provoking m all several(predicate) interpretations. From my study I have found slavery and sectionalism to be the near important causes. In the short term, the war did not succeed in eradicating these causes of conflict and very instigated further problems, such as racism and violence. The Reconstruction period failed to achieve its main aims, which were to re-unite the two sections of North and entropy into the Union, and to help the total darkness to infiltrate that country as a citizen, and not a slave. I in any case aim to limn that these forces are still evident in American society today, and therefore bring the diachronic short letter up to date.Sectionalism is a multi-faceted cause, and many historians have stressed different aspects of this sectionalism as the cause of conflict. Cultural and affectionate historians idiome the contrast between the civilisations and values of the two regions, whereas progressive historians stress the sparing gulf between the North and South, and Marxist historians believe the class difference was the overriding cause of conflict.These views are valid as a detailed insight into particular areas of sectionalism, however their narrow viewpoint ignores otherwise contributing occurrenceors. The most reliable view is provided by Kennet M Stampp, who demonstrates that sectionalism was a culmination of these factors which together were a major cause of conflict. He uses a variety of sources, both contemporary and secondary, to provide a balance evaluation. This is juxtaposed to other historians who may have used a limited range of sources or been influenced by the predomina nt view of the time.Other historians, however, have singled out slavery to be the cause of the sectional crisis, and indeed the war. Northern historians such as James Ford Rhodes particularly uphold this viewof the American Civil War it may safely be asserted that there was a cause, slaverySlavery certainly was a huge force in America. In 1860, foursome million people were slaves with much that three million of these wricking in the South.N wizardtheless, revisionist historians have argued that slavery was not the main cause of the Civil War. This could possibly have been due to a new influx of evidence, or a particular historical debate. However, recently, historians have criticised these accounts for failing to appreciate the moral urgency of the slavery issue, and have given renewed emphasis to slavery as the cause of the conflict. Despite these different interpretations, it was both the multi-faceted nature of sectionalism and slavery, which caused the Civil War. consort to l aw, slavery was removed after the American Civil War with the Emancipation Proclamation of September 22 1862 each persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state shall be forevermore freeThis however, did not free them from the racism and discrimination that their emancipation incited. The Southern image of the Negro was molded by their slave retiring(a), and therefore the image had not changed despite the war. For example, Brogan says the mind of the section is day-and-night with the past Cash and his book are themselves strong evidence of the continuation of these ideas, even one ascorbic acid and forty years later. Other historians are in accordance with this viewSouthern bitterness ran recently People still believed that what they had fought for wasnt morally wrong and that Africans were meant to be slaves.Thus, as Cable writes the ex slave was not a freeman, only a free Negro. These ideas were furthered by evidence from sociologists, anthropologists a nd psychologists who presented what they regarded as convincing evidence of the unlearned racial traits of Negroes, indicating that they were intellectually inferior to smocks. For example Dr J C Nott, a leading Southern ethnologist in the 1850s s help oneselfThe Negro rush alongs stand at the beginningest point in the scale of human creations. These ideas were withal passed on through the government, for example Alexander H Stephens (vice President of the Confederacy) saidequality does not comprise between blacks and whites. The one race is by nature inferior in many respects, physically and mentally to the other. Thus, white people were indoctrinated by superior, and who they believed to be trustworthy figures of the time. This contemporary evidence is extremely useful to the novel historian to understand how the belief of the inferiority of Negroes was continued, and indeed reinstated, after the war, hence causing the degradation of the blacks. economical degradation of t he Negro also strengthened the white mans belief in their innate inferiority. Emancipated Negroes were electric potential social and economic competitors, particularly owing to the rapidly rising population of the South therefore white men felt that they had to keep them at the bottom of the caste and economic system.This was achieved through sharecropping. Useless knock bring was given to blacks who could take a share of the crop. The planters could therefore bring land to production without paid labour, whilst at the alike(p) time giving the chance for the black man to work under his own superintendence and to sell his share of the crop to eventually buy his own land. However the blacks received poor treatment, were a good deal cheated out of their money and remained under the control of the whites. Hence in all but appearance this was the same as the old plantation and slavery had effectively not been removed. Derrick Murphy upholds this viewSharecropping.. kept them the Ne groes in a mail of poverty and social inferiority. Indeed sharecropping continued into the 1940s in some areas of America, such as Alabama, therefore it was another eighty years before slavery was abolished in the farms.The black codes also endorsed this idea of the black remaining under whites control. For example, a leading Northern liberal, Carl Schurz, remarked that the codes embodied the idea that although soul whites could no longer have property of the individual blacks, the blacks at large belonged to the whites at large. This could be seen as a prejudiced evaluation as Schurz is a Northerner remarking on Southern principles. However, this viewpoint is supported by fact. The black codes prohibited Negroes serving on juries or testifying against white men, disallowed Negroes marrying whites and stated that the Negroes were not allowed to leave their plaza of work without permission. The codes therefore limited their freedom, and reduced them to a state of pre-war slavery. Schurzs analysis is indeed correct, that the Negroes were far from being emancipated as they still belonged to the whites.Whites disallowed blacks the right to better their position through education. Post war semipublic education was only provisioned for whites, as they believed that the education of blacks was a waste of effort, or even dangerous (Degler). All over the South in 1865-7 any white person who attempted to instruct Negroes was subject to attacks and violence. therefore the blacks were further denied rights, much the same as they were under slavery.Under the driving will of the Radical Republicans, the 14th and fifteenth Amendment of 1866 and 1869 were adopted to the Constitution. These allowed the blacks to be full citizens, and equal in rights and voting privileges with white men. This threat of potential black power to white supremacy caused an upsurge of hatred towards the blacks, and an outbreak of violence and intimidation at the ballot box. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camelia, The White Brotherhood and The Pale Faces began to emerge. Their aim is shown in the semiofficial charge to the new recruits of the Ku Klux Klan in 1867Our main and fundamental objective is the maintenance of the supremacy of the white race in this Republic.Therefore we can see that the emancipation of the slaves actually provoked worse reaction towards the Negroes, and make their life one filled with terror, which it had net been to the same extent before.However, there were also some peremptory moves towards equality of blacks in the Reconstruction period. Radical Republicans believed that all sons of Adam and Eve are equal in the eyes of God and therefore that it was morally wrong for Negroes to be discriminated against. They pushed for the Force Acts passed on May thirty-first 1870, and February 21st 1871. These said that force or intimidation used to prevent citizens from voting would be penalize by fine or imprisonment.A third Force Ac t, the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 20th 1871, imposed heavier penalties on persons who shall conspire together, or go in disguise for the purpose of depriving any person or any class of person of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges or immunities under the laws. They also touch for a longer life span of the Freedmans Bureau, which provided food, clothing and medical care for refugees and Negroes. According to the original act, the authorisations work was to terminate within a year after the end of the war. However, through the work of the Congressional commissioning on Reconstruction and the radicals, the Freedmens Bureau Bill was passed in February 1866, which indefinitely extended its life span.However the bureau was hated by most Southern men, and was subject to much criticism, for example that it was stirring up dissatisfy among the Negroes and giving false hopes, or that the bureau employed corrupt and incompetent administrators who wasted federal money. slightly of this is true, however a more trustworthy evaluation of the bureaus work is that of historian Kenneth M Stampp, who believed the bureau vie a constructive role in the transformation of the Negro from slave to citizen and that the tradition that the bureau was plethoric with corruption and incompetence is an exaggeration. His evaluation can be regarded as more trustworthy owing to the fact that as a modern historian he is less likely to be influenced by past war views and the use of evidence as propaganda. More than likely much of this corruption will have been exaggerated by Southern propagandists to try and close the bureau down and stop any aid to the Negroes. Stampp also has a wider range of source material and the value of hindsight to provide a more balanced argument.However, the bureau did not manage the complete transformation especially as Congress stopped its activities in 1869. Thus ended the one modest Federal effort to deal directly with some of the social a nd economic problems confronting the post-war South, as written by Stampp. The Radical Republicans began to decline, and were replaced with stalwarts, who were implicated with the maintaining the office quo. This meant that they were no longer concerned with the issue of Negroes, and that its crusade had lost vitality. Brognan writes, by the end of the mind 70s the Negro was seen, at best, as a bore and a nuisance.Thus, by the end of the Reconstruction Period, the Negro remained a lower caste, economically discriminated against, face up with violence, and in a position no better than that of the pre-war slavery period. Towards the end of the nineteenth century their position became worse as they faced segregation. I t began with a movement led by disseminated sclerosis Constitutional Convention of 1890, which insisted on poll taxes and literary tests to remove blacks from the voting registers. This initiated a period of segregation in hospitals, theatres, cemeteries, housing, p risons and even with water fountains. This was not helped by the fact that the North had begun to look at a Negro through Southern eyes.The post-war era may have united the Northern and Southern beliefs closely the Negroes, however it caused a greater void between the two sections in other respects. The Civil War destroyed two thirds of Southern wealth, which was worsened by a population rise in the South, and then impoverishing the South. This was in direct juxtaposition with the North, who got economic benefits from the secession. It became easier for the North to go ahead with construction, for example of the transcontinental railway, without the South opposing it, and during the war years Northern wealth had grown by 50 percent. Thus, the war actually exacerbated the pre-war problems by creating an even greater economic gulf.Slavery had also hindered the training of artisans and craftsmen, and education remained a low priority for the south. Any educated Southerners would trav el to the North to go to university, thus draining the South of its intelligence, and mathematical makers of wealth. This therefore maintained the divisions between the two sections of the country.The war also did not change the attitude of the two sections towards one another. If anything it strengthened them, and created patriotic ideas of either sectionFour years of fighting for the preservation of their world, and their heritage, four years of measuring themselves against the Yankee had left the South more aware of their differences and of the line which divided what was South and what was not. Cash here provides a valuable and reliable view of the Southern viewpoint for an outsider. However, it is only a reliable view of the traditional Southern stance. Throughout his book it is interesting to note how revisionist ideas are not explored.This can be viewed in a positive manner however, in that we are given thick insight into one type of historical viewpoint, a view that many p ost-war Southerners would have held, one that obviously still exists today. This idea of Southern nationalism was deeply rooted in their fear of losing their traditions and therefore the status quo of the section. It was an unwillingness to change into a section like the North. They had their stereotypical views of the North, thus to change they felt they would incite moral and Physical ruin.Therefore it can be seen that not only was slavery still spare in America after the Civil War, but also the divisions between the sections still existed. Thus the reconstructive memory had failed in most of its aims, and the Civil War had not succeeded in removing its causes on conflict. Even in todays society, one hundred and fifty years later, the causes behind the war are still evident in America. We can see that when the causes relate to the opinion, habits and traditions of the people they are extremely difficult to remove, and the mid set is often passed down through generations. The ran ge of sources that I have used have all been unanimous in one aspect they all acknowledge that the Civil War has been and will continue to be one of the most influential events that America has ever experienced, and that it is difficult to assess whether the divisions underlying the war will ever be fully removed from American society.

Persuasive Essay, the Player, All Realities Are Fictitious Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Essay, the Player, All Realities Are false EssayOur world consists of many realties. Two being commercialized, and the other, esthetical. A commercial human beings is one of indulgence, and pleasure, unceasingly aiming to suit those who yearn for it. Artistic cosmos however, is dependent to interpretation. This nitty-gritty there are many thinkable outcomes. One could be saddened or depressed by the reality, and others, joyful. It is because of this uncertainty in artistic realities that the film labor, as well as many other industries, founder taken it upon themselves to glorify the truth. It is because of the clashing of these twain realities, that reality as a whole becomes difficult to interpret. The statement that every reality is fictitious, is rather bold however. Although in numbers, there are a few the great unwashed who hold very strong moral and have a sense of quality in what they do. The Hollywood film industry is entirely commercial. Offerin g small or no interest in writers work that consists of depth, moral and truth. This reality consumes those considered as naive to the industry. commercialized realities are realities that are created by people who want to escape their own and subconsciously create a reality that is deemed impossible in the real world. Commercial realities are attractive to most, because you can experience something otherwise unimaginable. It is us, the audience of massive Hollywood productions, that show true appreciation of films made by producers who show no other interest than creating fictional nonsense and profiting from us . The film making industry is created by mawkish characters living paranormal lives that we aspire to have.However, who can jump from a 4 story building and arrive on the ground with no injury? Who can be stabbed and instantly heeled by only a bandage and continue battling the world with heroic attributes and a vision to sustain humanity as we receipt it Commercial rea lities are fictitious, and it leaves us dreaming of a fall apart life, and fantasizing over it. umteen of our youth are involved in lives that are run by action, violence, recklessness and stupidity. A contrasting reality to those of commercial is that of artistic. This reality has deeper meaning to it, and value.Artistic reality whitethorn be generally defined as the seek to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements. Artistic reality is better cognize as realism. pragmatism revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic Movement. kind of it sought to portray real and typical contemporary people and situations with truth and accuracy, and not avoiding unpleasant or sordid aspects of life. Artistic realities often reject changes wrought by Commercial Revolutions.Artistic realities reveal the truth, which means they whitethorn emph asize the ugly or sordid. Artists use their work as a form of expressionism, which is open to interpretation. They see true value in their oeuvre, as they see ordinary, everyday subjects as the depiction of naturalism. Many people attempt to depict things accurately, from either a visual, social or emotional perspective. Theatre realness shares many stylistic choices with naturalism, including a focus on every day (middle-class) drama, colloquial speech, and mundane settings.Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. Often artistic realities can be labelled as fictitious. This is due to the majority of society being so consumed by commercial reality that they no longer can differentiate from commercial actually being fake, and artistic as being real. Commercial realities enhance the incubateing of money. Commercial values manipulate the very condition of a natural, mundane reality. Commercially precious films of reality have become the organ grinders monkeys of money.They are made to increase the generative value and staying in power of money, the power of money to breed money, to fertilize itself. They are not made to empower people and provide certain value. Artistic reality however, leaves no stone unturned. Realism sees no value in money, and it sees no reciprocal (mutual? Would this be better? ) material possession that could be exchanged for money. Artistic realities merely capture that which is tangible and accurate. Society may attempt to defend themselves by escaping this as it may be deeply depressing.It is the confusion of distinguishing between commercial and artistic realities that ultimately reduces both to nothing but fictitious mumbo jumbo that controls our lives. The difference between the two is huge, however difficult for commoners, or those not involved in the film industry, to interpret. Whether an individual comprises their lives of commercial or realistic values, these values can be labelled as fabricated or factual. The film industrys repackaging and misrepresenting the truth to suit themselves is profitable. This profitability is their ultimate ruling guideline.If a film does not provide profits, the film was a total failure, regardless of its realism. Artistic realities are open to interpretation and provide a bit of freedom for people to choose the outcomes of scenarios. Painters, writers, film makers and news reporters are some of the main people involved in the way reality is interpreted because they are in the spotlight. Every one watches them, reads their cover or interperates their work. It is important for people to recognise that regardless of the message that is trying to be brought across, reality is subjective, and hence, it may appear fictitious to anyone apart from their maker. Commercial or artistic.

Organization and Management_theories Essay Example for Free

establishment and Management_theories EssayOrganization is a complex and intricate framework whose nature, behavior, effects, consequences and incidents are broad and ambiguous. It is non automobilematic all(prenominal)y comprehensible and administrable as any person dealing with it re primary(prenominal)s uncertain of what the musical arrangement is all about. This is so but beca practice the behavior, conditions and status of the presidency is contingent or dependent upon several(prenominal) outgrowths.Hence, ane must first live to determine the fundamental traits, behavior, disposition, aims, and positions of each member before nonpareil chiffonier truly extradite the primal idea of an organization which could guide and lead towards its dealings for a better and more effective perplexity policies. Managing an organization requires a basic framework, program, strategy or principles on how the autobus depart deal to his or her subordinates. These framework, plan, strategy or principles should be suffered by the manager, and should be well defined with a find of concreteness and direction, before he or she drop deal with his or her subordinates.The success of the managers plan or the fulfillment of his or her objective is basically determined on how efficacious and sustaining is his methods of management towards the subordinates. The manager must devise and establish such a framework, plan, strategy or principles which would outflank fit to the basic structure and environment in which he is managing, and one that is eat upable, favorable and bearable by all subordinates.This written report concerns the need for a manager to have an instrumental and conceptual knowledge in everyday practice. This includes the assessments of divers(a) frameworks critically analyzing some management and organisational methods and theories that may be utilized and applied as a management policy. The manager may not contend exclusively to use one met hod, but remedy to various methods could before practical and efficacious in reaching for the intended output.The manager in that respectfrom, must possess a sound and rational discretion, this being the condition sine qua non, in order for him to make use of the various management theories and methods which he may deem fit, convenient and effective within the premises and mint of the establishment or enterprise which he or she is managing or dealing. Critique on the Classical Models The simple thinkers like Plato waxes some ideas though profoundly and abstractly laid d deliver in his The Laws and The Republic.He modernistic the idea that a leader must of necessity possess a general idea of everything to the close that he or she must know the basic function of each unit in the community. Plato would educe that managers must be acquainted to his or her subordinates, especially their strengths, talents, skills, ability and capacity so as he may useate and assign them to su ch a job where such subordinate or member of the community is opera hat fitted and productive.The explicit scheme of the one best way to organize is normally ascribed to the clean theorists, notably Frederick Taylor and Max Weber, but it is, as we have seen, much older, flush if it then only concern friendly organization. Taylors model sprang from factory production and Webers from the offices of public administration, but they had a lot in commonnotably a reliance on standardization of work, control of quality, pulverized division of labor, and a strict hierarchy. They twain strongly believed that the organizational models they proposed would prevail and eventually supplant all other(a)s because they were the most efficient.Webers quest was not in organization per se, but in the intention it played in politics and sparings in general. His discussion of bureaucratism therefore centered on its legal and political ramifications, as well as its p wile in the general rationa lization of rules of ordera result of the growing hegemony of rational means-ends dealing. Weber viewed bureaucracy as the epitome of this development, working with tyrannical efficiency, and believed it would supersede all other organization forms.In Webers eyes, this development was not necessarily in manitys intereston the contrary, he saw in the efficiency of bureaucracy a frightening potential to lock us into an Iron Cage of machine-like existence. With Webers own definition of sociology in mind, it is difficult to understand how he could be so sure of the inevitable and do domination of a single organizational structure. In that definition, he bases sociology squarely on an understanding of individual action and interaction, based on individuals subjective understanding of their situation and the purpose of their own actions (Fivelsdal 1971).Supra-individual concepts such as structure, function, and system are rejected as causes. One should think that human variation woul d make live for more than one geomorphologic form, and at least that its grim advances could be blocked by a pervasive tendency among disgruntled individuals to choose (for subjective cerebrates) other solutions. Henri Fayol and later Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick emphasized formal part and the role of direct supervision (Mintzberg 1979), but the spirit of their work was the same as Taylors.You might even say that they were not really presenting theories of organization at all, but recipesindicating the best solution for every sheath of activity, just as Plato did in the meticulous details of The Laws. The early theorists belief in the existence of final, greatest solutions and their inescapable triumph can be viewed as an expression of their timesof the rapid progress of scholarship and applied science the immense success of the mass-producing factory, the general increase in rational attitudes and a rather impartial belief in the simpleness of human affairs and their re semblance to physical systems.Buckley (1967) has suggested that such theories represented a continuation of the Social Physics the central pattern of which was that man was a physical object, a genial of advanced machine that behavior and sociable dealings were subject to natural laws of the same kind as the laws of physics and that man and society could be analyzed and managed accordingly. In politics and history the Marxian visions of inevitable social transformations embodied much of the same spirit, even if the underlying analysis was more sophisticated.The belief in the grounds and inevitability of things was thus a reflection of the contemporary beliefs in progress and technology, and the notion of the one best solution also appeals to our natural thirst for simplificationa faith in a one best way is much more reassuring than the acknowledgment of a bewildering array of optional solutions. As such, this view lingers on todayboth in the minds of managers and in the offering s of consultants. Implied in this view is a notion of proficient determinismif there is a one best way of organizing, there must also be a one best way to utilize any modernistic tool.Such a matched relationship between a tool and its optimal use means that the tool itself will, by necessity, have strong bearings on organizational design. It is quite obvious that Taylor included tools and machinery in his designs for factory organization, and that the properties of those tools and machines were important determinants for the design of jobs and the relationships between them. The connection may not seem just as plain when we look at Weber and his theories of bureaucracythere do not seem to be so many tools in use.However, the most important organizational tool in history (at least before the calculator) has probably been the art of writing, and Webers bureaucracy is explicitly based on written procedures and written information. In other words, if bureaucracy is the one best way to organize administrative work in a literate society, and it assumes the use of writing, the properties of writing (as a tool) must be regarded as one of the most the most important determinants of bureaucratic organizationmaybe even the most important.In Scotts (1987) classification of theoretical schools, both scientific management and Webers theory of bureaucracy are closed, rational system models. They presuppose that organizational actors are fully rational in all their decisions, that they always strive to get the organizations expressed goals, and that the structure and functions of an organization are independent of its environment. Simons Bounded Rationality In the development of organization theory, the belief in the one best way and the closed, rational model of organizations (Scott 1987) gradually came under attack after World War II.One of the early attackers was Herbert A. Simon, who certain a new theory of decision making, opposing the reigning concept of unboun ded rationality in organizational and economic matters. Simon attacked both the economists image of economic man and the rational manager of the earlier management theorists. Although he seemed to accept the notion that there was an objective, theoretical best way in a given set of circumstances, he denied the possibility of finding this solution in practice.Simons great common-sense realization was that humans head for the hills with restrict information and wits in an exceedingly complex world, and that they have no choice but to simplify, to operate with a bounded rationality, to satisficenot maximize. The basic realization of an objective best way is not a practical possibility, even if it may exist in theory. The objective, practical goal of organizational members is therefore never to find the optimal solution (even if they may think so themselves), but to find one that is good enough for their endswhich usually also means good enough for the organization to survive.It also follows that there must be many such solutions, and that different race and different organizations will more oftentimes than not choose different solutions. Scott (1987) also classifies the theory presented in Administrative Behavior as be pine to the closed, rational system model. This seems a bit unjust, since several passages in the book discuss interactions with the environment (for instance, the discussions in Chapter VI, The Equilibrium of the Organization) and fully document that Simon does not believe that an organization is an island to itself.However, the theory of decision making that is substantial in the book largely treats organizational decisions as something internal to the organization, and this may perhaps merit Scotts classification. Because the environmental connection is more pronounced in the book coauthored with March (March and Simon 1958), the theory presented there is class by Scott as belonging to the open, rational system models. These models represe nt organizations as predominantly rational systems, but they recognize that organizations are continuously dependent on exchanges with their environment and must adapt to it to survive.Transaction be Analysis Another approach in the open, rational systems category is the accomplishment cost analysis developed by Williamson. However, Williamsons interest in organizational structure centers on questions of organization size and the percentage point of vertical integration. He argues that the cost of exchanging goods or services between people, departments, or organizations will decide whether or not a function will be incorporated into the organization. The primeval, natural state of business activities can be seen as a situation with individual producers exchanging goods and services through the market.If markets or tasks (or both) grow so complex that the cognitive limits of the producers become overloaded or if the transaction costs increase for other reasons, there will be a pr essure to increase the level of organization in order to get across these difficulties. Applied on the current situation, this implies that existing organizations will try to internalize transactions if they believe they can execute them more efficiently than the market or if they become so complex that market-based solutions become intractable.For instance, an auto manufacturer will develop or buy its own dealer ne devilrk if it believes it can parcel out more cars or fetch a bigger profit that way an aluminum producer will buy into bauxite mines if it believes that this will shield it from dangerous price fluctuations. Technology has a part in transaction theory insofar as it changes transaction costs in the market, inside the organizations, or both. Since information technology has a great potential for changing the conditions for coordinationboth within and between organizations, it should be of great interest to the transaction cost perspective.The Several Best Ways The Human Relations Movement The human relations school brought the individual and the social relations between individuals into focus. People in organizations were no longer seen onlynot even mainlyas rational beings working to achieve the goals of the organization. It was discovered that they were just as much driven by feelings, sentiments, and their own particular interestswhich could be quite different from what classical theory presupposed.Moreover, the new studies also showed that there was an informal structure in every organization, growing from the unofficial contacts people in the organization had with each other. This informal structure could be just as important as the formal one for predicting the outcome of decision-making operateessometimes even more important. There were a number of main themes investigated by the different approaches within the human relations school, and most of them are still actively prosecute by researchers.The most basic is the insistence on the impo rtance of individual characteristics and behaviors in understanding organizational behavior. This easily leads to an interest in the effects of different leadership styles, as well as in the effects of race, class, and cultural background. Formalization in work is strongly repudiated on the grounds that it is detrimental to both worker commitment and psychological well-being, and participative management, job enlargement, or, at least, job rotation is prescribed.In fact, human relations theorists have always been eager to promote changes in organizations to produce what they see as more tender work places, and they claim that the less formal, more participative organization will also be the most productive. It is not unreasonable, therefore, to criticize at least the most ardent proponents of these views for prescribing one best way solutions just as much as the classical theorists (Mohr 1971).With their emphasis on humans and their psychological and social properties, the human re lations theorists were not especially interested in tools and technology except as a source of repressing formalization. However, even if we might say that they inherited a belief in optimal solutions from the classical theorists, their theories implied that it was human needs and qualities, and not technology, that dictated the optimal organizational forms. In other words, it was in their view practicable to design and operate organizations principally on the basis of human characteristics, and thus thwart what others viewed as technological imperatives.Woodward Among the new research projects were Woodwards pathbreaking studies of a number of manufacturing companies in the southeast of England in the 1950s (Mintzberg 1979, horse tick 1990), in which she showed how three basic production technologies strongly correlated with a corresponding number of organization structures Bureaucratization increased as one went from unit or small plentitude production via large batch or mass production to continuous-process production.First, this discovery led to renewed faith in technological determinism there now seemed to be not one best way to organize, but rather a best way for each class of production technologyin Woodwards case, unit production, mass production, and process industry. The Multitude of Ways Sociotechnics In England a group of researchers developed a distinct framework, which in sum to action approach, they also proposed that the distinguishing feature of organizations is that they are both social and technical systems (Scott 1987, p. 108).The core of the organization represented, so to speak, an interface between a technical system and a human (social) system. This implied that, in order to achieve maximum performance in an organization, it did not suffice to hone only the technical or the social system, nor to search for the best match between existing technological and organizational elements. The goal should be a joint optimization of the twoc reating a synergy that yielded more than could be achieved simply by adding the two together. Their preferred organizational solutions emphasized co-determination, internalized regulation, and workgroup autonomy.They also discovered that changes at the workgroup level did not survive for long without compatible changes in the overlying structuresa discovery that was also made in a serial publication of experiments with autonomous workgroups in Norwegian industry in the 1960s, inspired by the Tavistock group and directed by the newly founded Work Research Institute in Oslo (Thorsrud and Emery 1970). During their projects they also learned that the environment impinged on intra-organizational activities to a much larger degree than they had anticipated.Sociotechnics, for me is here taking a position that is particularly relevant for information technology, even if sociotechnics was established as a theoretical framework before computers started to make themselves snarl to any signifi cant degree. When working with information technology in organizations, it is of utmost importance to be aware(predicate) of the intimate interdependence between the computer-based systems, the individuals using them, the manual routines, and the organizational structure. Any serious attempt to optimize the use of information technology must acknowledge this reciprocity.It is therefore quite remarkable that sociotechnical theory has remained so much out of fashion for the last decade, just the period when the use of computers has really exploded. One reason may be the general lack of interest in information technology that has plagued the social sciences boilers suit another is that those who were interested within the sociotechnical tradition tended to be drawn toward research on the cognitive aspects of computer use, especially the (literal) user interfaces of computer systems, neglecting the overlying question of the broader interaction of humans and computer systems in structu ral terms.

Misconceptions Among Muslim Essay Example for Free

Misconceptions Among Muslim EssayThis is the biggest misconception about Islam, no doubt resulting from the unceasing stereotyping and bashing the media gives Islam. When a gunman attacks a mosque in the name of Judaism, a Catholic IRA guerrilla sets get rid of a bomb in an urban area, or Serbian Orthodox militiamen rape and kill stark Muslim civilians, these acts are not used to stereotype an entire faith. Never are these acts attributed to the religion of the perpetrators. that how many times have we heard the words Islamic, Muslim fundamentalist, etc. linked with violence.Many population use the name of religions for their own purposes. One should consult the source of Islam and separate what the true religion of Islam says from what is envisioned in the media. Islam literally essence submission to Allah and is derived from a root word meaning peace.Islam may look exotic or even extreme in the modern world. Perhaps this is because religion doesnt dominate daily life in the West, whereas Islam is considered a way of life for Muslims and they make no division between profane and sacred in their lives. Like Christianity, Islam permits fighting in self-defence, in defence of religion, or on the originate of those who have been expelled forcibly from their homes. It lays down strict rules of combat, which include prohibitions against harming civilians and against destroying crops, trees and livestock. Nowhere does Islam enjoin the killing of innocents. The Quran says strife in the cause of Allah against those who fight you, but do not transgress limits. Allah does not love transgressors (Quran 2190), If they seek peace, then seek you peace. And trust in Allah for He is the One that heareth and knoweth all things (Quran 861)War, therefore, is the snuff it resort, and is subject to the rigorous conditions laid down by the sacred law. The term jihad literally means struggle. Muslims believe that there are two kinds of jihad. The other jihad is the inner struggle of the soul, which everyone wages against egotistic desires for the sake of attaining inner peace.

Environmental Impacts from over Population Essay Example for Free

Environmental Impacts from over universe EssayIntroduction The community of hu macrocosm beings on this planet has been gaining exponentially, since the dawn of Man. A basic take in of an exponential increase is that the numbers increase faster and faster as the people doubles and redoubles, with distributively doubling occurring in the same amount of time (Wright, 2008), As the universe of discourse continues to multiply, so do the impacts upon our environs and surrounding ecosystems. As human populations increase, the demands for food, supplies, and housing also increase. With these increased demands, there is now a great strain upon our resources more than ever before. The question accordingly becomes, what are the impacts upon our environment by our population situation, and is there anything that can be done to deal with the problems from this dilemma? Population Impacts As civilization has continued to uprise and develop, so has the impact upon our environment by our exploding population. As mankind began to modernize, the Earth began to feel impacts by the qualitys made from its inhabitants. Beginning with the agricultural revolution, humankind became open to manipulate his environment (Sharp, 2000). During the agricultural revolution, man was able to plant and grow food.As societies were still nomadic in their nature, mankind would use the resources of the Earth to their fullest extent, and then move on to the next area. This started with slash and burn techniques, and for the number 1 time, CO2 levels were modified (Sharp, 2000) As the population of the planet continued to surge, the next great impact upon the environment would be the industrial revolution of the 1800s. With the blare of the industrial revolution across the world, the demand for natural resources and the impacts upon the environment would soar.More people and natural resources were required to sustain the new industrial system and the exigencys of increase societi es (Sharp, 2000). The impacts of the industrial revolution were great and vast. For the first time in our worlds history, we could see the potential impacts of using our natural resources and dealing with an ever-growing planetary population. The effects of population branch upon the environment are becoming revealed at an alarming rate. Between 1960 and 1999, Earths population doubled from three billion to six billion people (Rand, 2000).The world has changed dramatically over the d sur daring several years. The landscapes and ecosystems that were present hundreds of years of ago are no longer in existence. We are devour our natural resources at an alarming rate. In fact, many a nonher(prenominal) another(prenominal) environmental experts imagine that human beings have reached their carrying condenser of sustainable life. How do we meet the challenges of population growth and managing our natural resources without exploiting the environment? First, we mustiness begin to e mpower in technology that does not degrade the environment (Sharp, 2000).This is very critical to the retention of a sustainable environment for our future. In the past, countries developed around their economic strength. This factor often meant that most nations did not deal long-term environmental impacts by their decisions. These slash and burn techniques by many nations have resulted in devastating consequences to our ecosystems. There are entire species that have become extinct, all in the name of economic progress. This short-run economic gain for many of these nations has resulted in effects that will be felt from generations to come.The eye of man can see the effects of population growth. It also can now project the effects of population demand in the future. One of the growing problems facing mankind today is global climate change. From glaciers melting, to ascending oceanic temperatures, and even climactic weather events, the effects of population upon the earth, have i mpacted our future for many years. Research suggests that temperatures have been influenced by growing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which absorb solar radiation and warm the halo (Rand, 2000).There is still a great deal that we can do to preserve the environment and family a halt to the devastating environment impacts of our population growth. Our sustainability not only depends on us clashing this challenge, but also presents an opportunity to provide for the future of our civilization. An encouraging note is the simple fact that many companies are now becoming green companies, meaning that they are attempting to be environmentally conscious and pursue policies that offer to protect and not neglect our environment. The answers to this problem are two fold.First, we must address the growing populations in the developing world. The populations in these areas are growing at an alarming rate. legion(predicate) of these areas are already facing critical famines and food shor tages of historic proportions. Unfortunately, efforts to implement policies that stress birth control have not been effective. We must address the growing populations in these areas, if we are to tackle the problems that population growth has created upon the Earth. The next problem we must address, if we are to maintain adequate sustainability upon the Earth, is our own consumption issues.As a nation, we are consuming natural resources at an alarming rate. We consume more energy per capita than any nation on this planet. Moreover, we must develop better land-use policies in the developed world. The slash and burn tactics of the past must be stopped and we must acknowledge the fact that we cannot destroy entire ecosystems that have taken hundreds of years to develop, and believe we can replace them by simply planting hundreds of trees that will take years to grow. The impacts of our decisions are great. The choice is clearly impacted by economic factors.As a nation, our demand for consumer goods is at a high gear level. While our population is growing at a slow rate, our consumption levels have never been higher. Many Americans do not focus on the environmental impacts of their decisions today. We must implement sound environmental policies that dig this factor. The choices are clear for purchase order. As the population of the world continues to soar, so will the stresses upon our environment. There will be a greater need for usable water, natural resources, and even greater energy demands.While these demands tucker a potential calamity for the environment, they also create opportunity for new industries. As mankind begins to cognise the negative effects upon the environment by poor decisions and usage in the past, we as a auberge can create and environment that fosters the development of green industries and elect government officials that encourage policies that promote the well being of our environment. Conclusion The effects on our environment from our population are visible everyday.One need only look to the smog filled sky, or read the newspapers decrying the shortages of drinking water, and the battles that are ensuing to impersonate claim to that drinking water to realize the impact of the decisions that face us as a society today. We can change the way we live and stop the poor use of the environment, and we can control the growth of the population in third world countries, or continue the status quo. If we choose poorly, we will face an environmental impact that will test the sustainability, not only of our civilization, but also of our planet.

An Analysis via Eriksons Theory Essay Example for Free

An abridgment via Eriksons Theory EssayHillary Clinton is a well-known political figure, with many contradictions in her personality. This difficult Democratic pristine election process has revealed interesting features of her personality, from her strong, resolute character, reflected in her perseverance despite political challenges, to her vulnerability, which she has shown in several(prenominal) moments, like that well-publicized tearful scene in the New Hampshire primary, in front of all the cameras. I chose Eriksons theory of personality to help explain the development of Hillary Clintons personality. Erikson proposes that an individual develops her personality by fugitive through variant disembodied spirit stages, each marked by a specific area of conflict. Hence, I will apply Eriksons stages to Hillary Clintons personality development and life events. Eriksons first life stage is trust versus mistrust, followed by the second stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. D uring Hillarys infancy and previous(predicate) puerility, Hillary was born into a supportive family with a strong religious background. Her parents nurtured her emotional development. In such a supportive environment, her personality flourished, as she found her caregivers and family caring and reliable. Independence and self-reliance were encouraged at an other(a) age in Hillarys family.Eriksons third stage is the conflict of initiative versus guilt. Early in her childhood, Hillary was encouraged by her parents to be assertive. Personal drive was strongly encouraged, as she excelled early in school, and as she was encouraged to stand up for her rights. One popular incident was illustrated by Hillarys mother when unmatched time, Hillary came home crying because she was being bullied. After a long talk with her mother, Hillary came back to school, and punched her bully.Eriksons one-fourth stage of industry versus inferiority is a study period of success for Hillary Clinton. From the time of her early childhood to high school, she excels in school, graduating first in her class. Hillary develops a strong feeling of purpose and self-worth, which carries forward her ambitions later in life. Her sense of industry and accomplishment are further validated by her academic attainment in Wellesley College and Yale University.Eriksons fifth stage of individuation versus role confusion is often matched to an individualsteenage years, but this stage covers many events in Hillarys personality development, extending beyond her teenage years. Hillarys parents allowed her to gain her own voice. She was encouraged to break free beyond the traditional female roles of her time, to pursue high education and a career.Her political leanings radically changed, as she left her earlier registration in the materialization Republican party, to join the Democratic Party. In her valedictory speech at Wellesley College, she embraced the strong sentiment against the Vietnam conte nd and full support for the civil rights movement. Like many members of her generation that time, Hillary tried to find her identity in the turbulent society of the 1960s. The sixth stage of Erikson corresponds to an individual determination love, in a struggle of finding intimacy versus isolation. As a law student at Yale University, Hillary met her husband, note of hand Clinton. While Bill Clintons infidelity will challenge this relationship, the relationship between Hillary and Bill Clinton is a true partnership.Despite the proposals of cynics that Hillary stuck with Bill Clinton because of his political connections, many sources still acknowledge that the love between Hillary and Bill Clinton has been genuine. This family unit, also built almost their sole daughter Chelsea Clinton, has helped the Clintons weather political turmoil. Eriksons seventh stage of generativity versus stagnation is a major question that keeps recurring in Hillary Clintons life. Hillary Clinton has wo rked hard on her legacy, and continues to do so. During her husbands administration, Hillary took up active roles in formulating government policy, including an attempt at health care reform, far beyond the traditional roles of a First Lady. Not content after Bill Clinton left the White House Hillary Clinton headstrong to pursue her own ambitions by running for the Senate.Finally, as she attempts to clinch the Democratic presidential nomination, Hillary strives to make narration as Americas first female president. Perhaps, it is this driving force to leave a legacy which is the source of Hillary Clintons tenacity during the Democratic primary. The final stage of Eriksons life development, involving ego identity versus despair, is an open chapter in Hillarys life. If she fails to secure her lifelong dream of becoming the first American female president, will her personality turn to despair?Or instead will she instead be agreeable with her family and her political accomplishments ? Time will decide how Hillarys personalitydevelopment will unfold. In summary, Eriksons life stages of development offer a useful framework for understanding Hillary Clintons motivations and personality development. The various conflicts in Eriksons theory highlight the life of Hillary Clinton, who faced many challenges to reach her current whimsical position of success and historical significance.